One of the most important discoveries in molecular biology, I'd say, happened in 1974 when scientists took a gene from a frog (Xenopus laevis) and transferred it into a bacterium (E. coli). The bacterial cells read, processed, and expressed the gene.
If a bacterium can read a frog gene, so the logic went, then the entire living world is, in principle, "programmable." Genes can be swapped between kingdoms of life, thus enabling:
- The production of human insulin in bacteria.
- Manufacturing of vaccines in yeast and chicken eggs
- Engineered crops carrying biopesticide genes from algae etc.
Check out A Brief History of Xenopus to learn about other key experiments in which frogs played a role. 🔻
In the 1930s, South African scientists discovered that injecting African Clawed Frogs (called Xenopus laevis) with urine from a pregnant woman would cause them to quickly lay hundreds of eggs.
These frogs thus served as the first mass-scale pregnancy test.
Xenopus frogs later became the first animals cloned from an adult cell (three decades before Dolly the Sheep). This is A Brief History of Xenopus, an essay adapted from our forthcoming book about the origins and future of the research laboratory.