From Intimidation to Economic Coercion
By Mehmet Tohi
In 2006, the abduction of Canadian citizen Huseyin Celil should have sounded alarm bells across all democratic capitals. After being detained in Uzbekistan and forcibly transferred to China despite holding Canadian citizenship, Celil was denied Canadian consular access as Beijing refused to recognize his Canadian nationality and treated him solely as a Chinese citizen.
Celil’s case foreshadowed a troubling pattern of China’s willingness to disregard diplomatic norms, violate international legal principles, and extend its coercive reach beyond its borders. What was once viewed as an isolated incident is now widely recognized as a form of transnational repression, a term that has since entered mainstream policy and security discourse.
China’s repression now extends far beyond its borders, targeting dissidents, intimidating diaspora communities, pressuring foreign governments, influencing corporate behavior, and punishing those who challenge the political interests of the Chinese Communist Party. And today it has entered a new phase.
The same coercive tactics once directed at people are increasingly being applied to governments, civil society organizations, and corporations, transforming economic dependence and global supply chains into tools of political influence.
Public awareness of transnational repression first emerged through the experiences of Uyghurs, Tibetans, Hong Kongers, and mainland Chinese activists living abroad, many of whom reported surveillance, harassment, intimidation, and threats carried out directly or through family members in China.
Freedom House has described China as operating one of the world’s most sophisticated and far-reaching transnational repression campaigns. What was once viewed as a problem affecting a handful of exiled activists is now increasingly recognized as a broader threat to democratic institutions, national sovereignty, and fundamental freedoms.
The experiences of Tibetan and Hong Kong activists illustrate just how expansive the repression has become.
Tibetans living abroad have long reported intimidation and pressure exerted through family members and community networks, while the imposition of Hong Kong’s National Security Law marked a significant escalation. By asserting extraterritorial jurisdiction over speech and political activity conducted anywhere in the world, Beijing signaled that criticism of the Chinese state could carry consequences regardless of where it occurs.
In effect, the law seeks to extend China’s political control beyond its borders, warning activists that physical distance no longer guarantees safety.
Canada has not been safe from this threat; in many respects, this country has become one of its foremost targets. The detention of Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor, widely viewed as retaliation for Canada’s in-home detention of Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou, demonstrated that coercion could extend beyond the harassment of activists to the arbitrary detention of foreign nationals as geopolitical leverage. The Two Michaels’ abductions highlighted how hostage diplomacy was not an aberration, but part of a broader pattern in which legal norms, diplomatic conventions, and individual rights are subordinated to the strategic objectives of the Chinese state.
The scope of transnational repression has expanded beyond activists and diaspora communities to include elected officials and civil society organizations. Chinese authorities have sanctioned foreign lawmakers, including Canadian MP Michael Chong, as well as advocacy groups such as the Uyghur Rights Advocacy Project and the Canada Tibet Committee, for criticizing Beijing’s human rights record. These actions are designed not only to punish critics but to deter others from speaking out.
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