This idea that memory is distributed across regions of the brain is interesting but I wish it were more concrete to help my own understanding. Does this mean a memory (ex: driving your car yesterday) is broken into bits and the bits are combined and reassembled during recall?

Thanks Dimitris Your linked paper shows that ephaptic fields encode memory in cytoskeleton. Bravo! The resolution for microtubule-based information would be far greater than what could be encoded by membrane-generated fields so I suspect the microtubules are involved. But that’s not proof. What were the frequencies of the fields (were they oscillating?) I’d bet megahertz and gigahertz as in this paper. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3388… It’s the same issue about the origin of EEG. Assumed to be from membranes but no proof. Microtubules in cell free systems oscillate at 39 hertz. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3009… And we still don’t understand EEG - there is no unified theory. But there is! Roger Penrose and I suggest EEG is ‘interference beats’ of megahertz and gigahertz oscillations. sciencedirect.com/science/ar… That would account for the frequency downshifting seen in brain processing. Christof Koch’s claims that ephaptic fields come from membranes have to be taken with a grain of salt. He’s never acknowledged cytoskeletal oscillations. But I don’t believe cartoon neurons could generate or perceive high frequency fields. So are the megahertz and gigahertz brain waves real? We intend to find out. Thanks for your great work. It was fun hanging out in the Himalayas last week. You had your DDG measured. What was your megahertz and gigahertz output?

Right @StuartHameroff , microtubules could be the fastest to respond to field effects , e.g. once a memory is recalled, and balance out drift by being the first to reshape themselves so that they preserve the overall electric field after some neurons have dropped out.

Thanks Dimitris So the neural activity correlating with shifting mental representation comes from charge movements in cytoskeleton, like the charged C-termini tails with ions from each tubulin. ingentaconnect.com/content/i… And in your previous paper you showed that such activity sculpted information and memory into the cytoskeleton, e.g. in different neurons. In this paper @anirbanbandyo ‘s group showed functional communication among neurons mediated by cytoskeletal megahertz and gigahertz pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3388… So it’s possible representational drift is mediated through microtubules in different neurons (and glia?) oscillating and entangling in megahertz and gigahertz. Microtubules are the most likely site for memory encoding in the brain. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2241… As Earl has been pointing out, it seems the brain has two modes. 1) A connectome-based computational modal mode, and 2) A distributed wave field-like, faster (?quantum) mode, possibly a collective time crystal. Maybe 2) is for consciousness, and 1) is for it to interface with the external world. And maybe we’re all like Steve Martin in his great film ‘The man with two brains’. @lndriscoll

Neural activity seems to be coordinated and constrained by the electric field arising from all charged structures in the cytoskeleton, including microtubules , and processes like mechanotransduction, resulting from cytoelectric coupling sciencedirect.com/science/ar…

The geometry of neural dynamics along the cortical attractor landscape directly reflects changes in attention, as large-scale brain activity shifts across its hills and valleys depending on the state. nature.com/articles/s41467-0…

Congratulations Dimitris, Andre and Earl I think Predictive Coding/Recurrent Processing occurs at multiple scales including faster intracellular processing among mixed polarity networks of microtubules inside neuronal dendrites and soma (and ONLY there in all biology)! Here’s a paper we wrote in 1990 modeling information processing with error correction between two adjacent anti-parallel microtubules connected by microtubule-associated proteins (‘MAPs). ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19… They learned! Why else would dendrites and soma have networks of mixed polarity, interrupted microtubules in anti-parallel arrays? Is this how unicellular organisms use PC/RP? Is lower dimension actually slower frequency scales, e.g. through interference in faster microtubule oscillations?

New discovery! Spoiler alert: Neural dynamics are key. Evidence for predictive computations in a brain hierarchy during a visual search task doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.09.… Work led by @dimitrispp #neuroscience

Thanks @dimitrispp Will take a look. How does it jive with our microtubule time crystal? ingentaconnect.com/content/i…