TSMC's advanced packaging capacity has become one of the AI industry's most binding constraints, with demand so far ahead of supply that the chip giant is now routing overflow orders to Taiwanese partners — most notably ASE Technology Holding and Powertech Technology — who are racing to scale up alongside TSMC to capture growth from AI and high-performance computing.
TSMC CEO C.C. Wei has publicly acknowledged that CoWoS capacity remains extremely tight and is effectively sold out through 2026. Analysts project TSMC's monthly CoWoS capacity will roughly expand from 70,000 wafers at the end of 2025 to 115,000 wafers by the end of this year, with TSMC reportedly converting some of its older 8-inch wafer fabs in Taiwan into advanced packaging facilities to help close the gap. As its most advanced packaging lines run at full capacity, TSMC has shifted part of its advanced packaging orders to outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT) firms rather than letting customer demand go unmet.
ASE is a major beneficiary of this spillover. Beyond expanding its own CoWoS back-end packaging capacity, ASE has the potential to secure direct front-end CoW process orders from Broadcom, NVIDIA, AMD, and Amazon this year, with its CoWoS capacity target expected to double. ASE itself is projecting its advanced packaging sales to double in 2026 as TSMC continues offloading sub-steps of the CoWoS process to relieve its own backlog.
Powertech, meanwhile, is positioning a proprietary alternative technology to capture demand directly. The company has developed PiFO, an advanced packaging technology benchmarked against TSMC's CoWoS-L, which has already won large orders from multiple U.S. AI chip firms — with most of its 2026 advanced packaging capacity already booked and strong demand expected to continue through 2027. Unlike CoWoS's round silicon interposer, PiFO uses a square panel-level design with a glass substrate, offering better heat dissipation and roughly 30% lower production costs. To meet this demand, Powertech plans to nearly double its capital spending to a record NT$40 billion in 2026, and its position as the world's leading memory packaging and testing provider gives it strong ties across major DRAM and NAND manufacturers — a strategic advantage for next-generation AI packaging.
The bigger picture is one of structural realignment across the supply chain. The concentration of advanced packaging capacity in Taiwan represents a significant systemic risk for the global AI industry, and the overflow from TSMC has created a meaningful opportunity for OSAT providers like Powertech and ASE to step in with CoWoS-like solutions. The surge in demand is being driven in part by major tech firms such as OpenAI and Amazon, who are partnering with Broadcom and other ASIC designers to develop in-house AI chips — further intensifying competition for both advanced process and packaging capacity.
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