Attributing the lack of continuity to a singular cause (i.e. Islam) is overly simplistic.
The lingua franca of the Middle East regularly changed.
Akkadian gave way to Imperial Aramaic, Imperial Aramaic was replaced by Classical Syriac and Koine Greek, etc.
The spread of Arabic can be regarded as the latest phase in a long pattern of linguistic change.
Moreover, the various Arabic "dialects" (some would argue they are separate languages) still retain features inherited from the languages which were spoken in the respective regions prior to Arabic becoming dominant.
Moreover, it's worth noting that most of the Middle East had already been Hellenized and later adopted Christianity prior to the spread of Islam.
Christianity was hardly any better in Islam in its view of pre-Christian heritage.
Medieval Christians treated classical pagan temples as supply stores of "spolia."
Rather than going through the trouble of mining fresh stone from mountain quarries, medieval labourers would break the marble from pagan temples and heat the marble in lime kilns to make quicklime, which was the main component in Roman concrete.
The only reason the Pantheon exists today in [relatively] pristine condition is because the idols were thrown out and the structure was converted into a church by Byzantine Emperor Phocas as a gift for Pope Boniface IV.
The gilded bronze tiles on the Pantheon's dome and the bronze or gilded finial at the top of the oculus were stipped off by order of Emperor Constans II in the 7th century and sent to Constantinople and Pope Urban VIII in the 17th century ordered the bronze from the portico ceiling to be melted down and used for the baldacchino of Bernini in St. Peter's Basilica as well as for cannons using in the fortification of Castel Sant'Angelo, but the main structure remained intact because it was stripped of all its pagan idols and dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Christian Martyrs.
Likewise, the main reason most of the ruins of the Roman Forum (which was once the bustling civic center of Rome) still stand today is because the Roman Forum became a "Campo Vaccino" ("cow field", i.e. a pasture for grazing cattle and other livestock).
As a result, the area became caked in 40 feet of mud, organic waste (mule droppings and cow dung) and silt from the flooding of the Tiber River.
Labourers did indeed set up lime kilns near the site and heavily plundered it for spolia, digging through the dirt & manure to break apart ancient marble statues, friezes, etc.; however, they never came close to finding everything because the ground level rose by around 40 feet.
In order words, the medieval labourers only found the rocks which were sticking-out & not the ancient structures.
Eventually archaeologists in the early 20th century (Giacomo Boni and his team) would discover even more ancient structures at the site such as Volcanal (or "Lapis Niger shrine," named after the slabs of polished black marble which was used when the Romans paved over the site) dedicated to Vulcan/Hephaestus, which was associated with Romulus' death in antiquity and contains the famous cippus bearing a boustrophedon inscription dating to 6th century BC that warns against defiling the shine.
They also discovered the Sepulcretum (Sepolcreto del Foro Romano) with cremation tombs dating to 10th-century BC (the ashes of the deceased were placed inside hut-shaped pottery urns) and inhumation tombs dating to the 8th-7th century BC.
calling the wreckage of cultures caused by islam in the middle east as a "framework" is a misnomer.