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Using internet archives, forums, wikis, and Usenet posts, I can establish the following about Jack: Claimed proficiency in 1996: C, C , Perl, Tcl/Tk, Java, NewtonScript, x86 asm, ARM 610 asm Claimed proficiency in 1999: C, Python, OCaml, JoCaml, Lisp, ObjC, Java, Perl, PHP Jack Dorsey shows up in various programming forums including for Gentoo, Microsoft Win32, Java, Python, and more. Jack's record show him using various flavors of Linux, OpenBSD & FreeBSD, Windows, BlackBerry OS, and Mac. He shows up on the cypherpunk mailing list from at least 1996 - 2001, alt. security.pgp in 1993, sci.crypt in 1999 I have only found samples of his Python and Objective C code so far and it's on the site for record keeping. The skeptic says "show me the C " and that's reasonable. While it's long stated that C in particular has been his favorite language going back to the 90s, even that does not appear to have been for open source software that is discoverable on the web aside from these very few lines in June 2001 that he was writing for his father's spectrometry company: static const handler_rec mga_handlers[] = { { "mga", mga_handler }, { NULL, NULL } }; So I am still on the hunt for his C and C code. Its stated on his website in the 90s that he programmed in them, but I don't know if samples are discoverable.
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View people know that Adrian Freed developed an early version of Open Sound Control - OSC - in NewtonScript as dynamic, instance-based, object-oriented programming in Max/MSP. KevoX externals for Max/MSP and my Zig/WASM inplementation of Newtonscript fulfill this vision close to 20 years later. "In 2007 the Adrian Freed" developed a suite of Max/MSP patches, called “o.” (pronounced “Oh dot”). These were specifically designed to exploit generic programming (pioneered in Ada in 1980) to simplify and teach gesture signal processing in physical computing contexts. This early prototype explored the use of OSC (Sections 2-3 of this paper), ad-hoc polymorphism and delegation (Sections 4 and 6) for dynamic class-less object-orientated programming (OOP) based on his experience developing music programs in prototype-based OOP with the NewtonScript language [5]. With this early library Max programming was possible using many of the valuable new ideas in programming languages from the mid-1980’s, e.g. Self [6] and now thoroughly embedded in JavaScript (1995), for example." john-maccallum.com/writings/…

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In case one wants to try Apple's Newton NewtonScript native in the browser, here we go: http://77.42.38.74/
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The reimplementation of Apple's NewtonScript, finally liberated from the dead Apple Newton PDA, compiles to WASM and to RISC-V ESP32 and runs natively inside any browser window. All examples from The "NewtonScript Programming Language" book are supported. The new implementation follows the canonical NewtonScript 2.0 definitions, while also adding features like code continuation and code signing.
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Built a function complete implementation of the NewtonScript programming language in Zig, compiled to WASM to run inside the browser. Ported from the original C core. Did it because we need a readable, expressive, and comprehensible language for smart meter extension development. It runs perfectly well on Espressif's ESP-Cx and ESP-Px series chips.
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C is C btw. Rust is C. Zig is C. Hare is C. Java is Lisp that looks like C. Javascript is Self, which is Smalltalk, which is Lisp. Ruby is Smalltalk, which is Lisp. Lua is Newtonscript, which is Self, which... you know the rest. Python is Python.
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14 Dec 2025
I misremembered. It was NewtonScript. See Chapter 5 (Page 111) of the following: newted.org/download/manuals/… This wouldn't be hard to emulate in JavaScript if you use a Proxy.

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Replying to @krzyzanowskim
Apple had a lot of programming languages over the time. Could argue it’s time for a new language. Here’s a few: Object Pascal C Common Lisp HyperTalk AppleScript NewtonScript Dylan Objective-C Java Ruby JavaScript
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As much as my everyday life might be defined by blockchains, secure hardware, and crypto primitives, my inspiration still comes from HyperCard, Apple’s Newton and NewtonScript, General Magic’s Telescript, and Max/MSP. This is a soft intro to the quite radical innovations that @RDDLNetwork is preparing to push the energy grid forward. Guess you’ll be surprised.
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KevoOS got within the last 48hours a true GUI. It is indeed becoming the contemporary version of Apple's Newton and General Magic's Magic Cap. NewtonScript 95% of original functionality Telescript 10% of original functionality Forth 30% of original functionality Uxn 100% of original functionality
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Making Zigbee end nodes more powerful with a Newtonscript re-implementation in Forth. It works :) 0 FRAME-NEW OBJECT: NOTE-PROTO : NOTE.NEW ( -- note ) NOTE-PROTO FRAME-NEW ; : NOTE.SET-TITLE ( note value -- ) SWAP 'title SLOT! ; : NOTE.SET-TEXT ( note value -- ) SWAP 'text SLOT! ; : NOTE.TITLE@ ( note -- value ) 'title SLOT@ ; : NOTE.TEXT@ ( note -- value ) 'text SLOT@ ;

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When was the last time a new programming language was created for an entirely new domain? Smalltalk, Self, HyperTalk, and NewtonScript come to mind. Also JavaScript. Any more recent? Most recent languages seem to be universal rather than environment specific.
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"I have coded in C, C , perl, Tcl/Tk, Java, NewtonScript, x86 asm, and ARM 610 asm. C would have to be my favorite due to it's power without the overhead of classes and ability to write very compact (and sometimes obscure) code." - Jack Dorsey, 1997
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Replying to @msimoni @iamwil
NewtonScript could still inspire language designers. Frames and Soups enable in- and cross-app data storage.
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Made with Newton by @onqibengga aescripts.com/newton #aftereffects #aescripts #newton Cara mengolah kata sebelum jadi kalimat. Satu suku kata bisa terhubung dengan suku kata yang lain masing-masing membentuk kalimat beda makna pun bisa tanpa makna. #motiongraphics_p #motions #motionbotique #newtonscript #connectlayerspro #vídeos #reels #berusahapuitik #bukanintelektual #teks #tidakkontekstual #aescripts
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Now confirmed that Jack Dorsey did indeed code in C (Satoshi's Bitcoin source code language) as stated on Jack's website in 1997. "I have coded in C, C , perl, Tcl/Tk, Java, NewtonScript, x86 asm, and ARM 610 asm. C would have to be my favorite due to it's power without the overhead of classes and ability to write very compact (and sometimes obscure) code. I also enjoy writing at the low-level at which asm is found. I am currently delving into more Xlib programming." - Jack Dorsey, 1997 web.archive.org/web/19970618…

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"I have coded in C, C , perl, Tcl/Tk, Java, NewtonScript, x86 asm, and ARM 610 asm. C would have to be my favorite due to it's power without the overhead of classes and ability to write very compact (and sometimes obscure) code. I also enjoy writing at the low-level at which asm is found. I am currently delving into more Xlib programming." - Jack Dorsey, 1997 web.archive.org/web/19970618…

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🍎 Apple Newton • قبل 33 سنة بالضبط، في 29 مايو 1992، أعلنت آبل عن جهاز ثوري في ذلك الوقت: Newton MessagePad (كما يظهر في الصورة). الجهاز تم طرحه رسميًا بعد عام، لكنه لم يحقق النجاح المتوقع. وبدل أن يكون قصة نجاح، أصبح مثار سخرية في الثقافة الشعبية، وصار يُضرب به المثل كجهاز تكنولوجي مكلف وغير عملي. ورغم التحسينات الكثيرة لاحقًا، لم يتقبله السوق أبدًا، ما أدى إلى توقفه نهائيًا في 1997. ومع ذلك، هذا الفشل كان دافعًا لمهندسي آبل ليطوروا شيئًا أفضل، وساهم بشكل غير مباشر في ظهور الـ iPad والـ iPhone. • عند طرحه، كان سعر Newton MessagePad حوالي 900 دولار (سعر مرتفع جدًا وقتها). الجهاز كان مبتكرًا وأصليًا من حيث الفكرة، لكنه كان مليء بالمشاكل والعيوب. • الجهاز كان مزوّدًا بقلم بلاستيكي خاص (ستايلاس) للكتابة على شاشة LCD بالأبيض والأسود، بدون إضاءة خلفية. مقاس الشاشة تقريبًا 4.5 × 3.5 بوصة وبدقة 240 × 320 بيكسل. • الميزة الأساسية للجهاز — التعرف على الكتابة اليدوية — لم تكن تعمل جيدًا في البداية. كان يجب أن يتعلم البرنامج أسلوب كتابة كل مستخدم، ومع هذا كان كثيرًا ما يفشل في التعرف على الكلمات. هذه المشكلة جلبت انتقادات كثيرة، حتى صار اسم "Newton" يرمز لأي جهاز تكنولوجي باهظ وضعيف. • مشاكل التعرف على الكتابة لم تكن وحدها السبب، بل حتى باقي مزايا الجهاز لم تكن بمستوى التوقعات ولا الضجة الإعلامية. الوظائف الأساسية كانت محدودة: كتابة ملاحظات، استخدام الآلة الحاسبة، إدارة دفتر العناوين، ومتابعة المواعيد فقط. • بعض المميزات كانت متقدمة جدًا على وقتها. مثلًا، دعم قراءة الكتب الإلكترونية قبل ظهور Kindle بأربع عشرة سنة. لكن غياب البنية التحتية اللاسلكية جعله محدود الفائدة. أول معيار WiFi ظهر عام 1997، والهواتف كانت لا تزال تستخدم الإشارات التناظرية. (يمكن تركيب كارت إضافي لإرسال رسائل عبر البيجر). • كان فيه منفذ أشعة تحت الحمراء (IR) لنقل البيانات لجهاز Newton آخر قريب، بينما المزامنة مع الكمبيوتر كانت تتم عن طريق الكابل. • نظام التشغيل كان خاصًا به، اسمه Newton OS (مكتوب بلغة C ). حتى كان عنده لغة برمجة خاصة به — NewtonScript، تسمح بتطوير تطبيقات بدون الحاجة لتثبيتها، فقط نسخها أو إرسالها عبر الأشعة تحت الحمراء لأي Newton آخر. • اليوم، قليل من الناس يتذكر Newton. كثيرون يعتبرونه مشروعًا فاشلًا لأنه عاش بضع سنوات فقط. • لكن القصة لم تنتهِ هناك. العديد ممن عملوا على Newton أصبحوا فيما بعد من أهم مطوري فريق iPhone، مثل مايك غولبرت، غريغ كريستي، وجوني إيف. الكثير من أفكار Newton انتقلت إلى iPhone وiPad، وأحيانًا حتى إلى macOS. • ومن المثير، أن الشركة التي صممت معالج Newton فصلت فريق المعالج وأسسته كشركة مستقلة باسم ARM. اليوم معمارية ARM هي قلب كل الهواتف الذكية والأجهزة اللوحية تقريبًا، بل وأساس سلسلة Apple Silicon أيضًا…
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Name a Programming Language that starts with the first letter of your name. Mine: NewtonScript Your turn:
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Something is definitely cooking over at @newton_xyz You can now set up automated recurring buys with an AI agent that DCA’s $KAITO And if you’ve used @newton_xyz before, you already know how smooth it is and low fees cost From my understanding this agents are built with newtonscript, which means they can adapt, and actually optimize your strategies over time
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