What is a more aggressive deterrence posture Israel can take on its northern border?
Viz. Iran-Hezbollah. If Iran treats Hezbollah as a “united front” and defends it as such, then every attack by Hezbollah may be repelled in Beirut and Tehran. When Hezbollah and Tehran understand attacks on Israel from Lebanon mean attacks in Dahiyeh and Tehran they will have new costs to factor into Hezbollah’s decisions to launch attacks. Going forward, Hezbollah fire activates Israeli freedom to impose costs on the Iranian state apparatus that makes the Lebanese front possible.
Viz. Washington. Conversely, Tehran’s bid to fuse Israel and the US, where Israel’s colorable self-defense is met by Tehran with attacks on the US lawful presence in the region must be defeated. Washington cannot make itself an accomplice to depriving Israel of its self-defensive rights by any means. If Washington cannot take the heat then it may acquiesce to Tehran's demands and get out of the kitchen, draw down Centcom posture, but it may not deprive Israel of its sovereign rights under Article 51. Alternatively, Washington can continue to draw a bright line between its presence and Israel’s defensive operations, making clear to Tehran that if Hezbollah attacks and Israel defends it supports Israel’s rights, now inclusive of Iranian territory target sets, but will not be directly involved unless attacked itself -- any attack or threat to US presence in the region will be met with US defensive actions, up to and including renewed combined operations.
Those are deterrence and strategic postures. There are serious intn’l law, military strategic, and geopolitical questions surrounding these postures that require unpacking. But roughly speaking, this is a categorically more aggressive deterrence posture for Israel to take. Not necessarily the recommended one.
Note that Israel has already conducted strikes against the IRGC Lebanon Corps on Iranian soil to degrade Iran-Hezbollah operational coherence. As Iranian state forces whose entire function is the Hezbollah front, the IRGC Lebanon Corps doesn’t fit a clean Iran-Hezbollah separation.
It is concurrently, (a) Iranian state armed forces, which makes striking them part of the Iran-Israel international armed conflict, and (b) an operational contribution to the Hezbollah-Israel front, building its tunnels, running its rearmament, embedding in its command, maintaining security channels and coordinating with the IRGC.
Where Quds personnel are embedded in Hezbollah’s operational front, even on Iranian territory, Israel can and has targeted the Iranian state component directly. It does not need to relitigate Iran’s involvement in each Hezbollah launch.
The separation between the Iran and Hezbollah theaters was already tenuous at the operational seam before Iran’s latest missile attack further eroded it.
Now following (i) Iran’s direct missile strikes on behalf of its Hezbollah front, (ii) its decision to hang its ceasefire with Israel on the Israel-Hezbollah conflict, and (iii) its threats, capability and intent to repeat attacks if that conflict continues, arguendo, going forward, Israel may adopt a strategic posture that targets Iranian assets directly in its defensive operations against Hezbollah, and preemptively to disrupt them -- as an integrated component of the Israel-Iran IAC.
The key is this. An integrated ceasefire theory is now reciprocal. Iran is saying the Israel-US operations were combined. Correct. It wants suspension of hostilities on both and has unwittingly or wittingly claimed Hezbollah as its own. Fine. Just be clear that Hezbollah attacks on Israel trigger the Iran-Hezbollah front and the US may sit out unless Iran widens to US presence.
The basic legal theory. Israel-Iran and Israel-Hezbollah are linked IACs
A ceasefire suspends but does not terminate an ongoing IAC, so both conflicts remain live, and Israel, not being party to any US–Iran cessation, retains full belligerent rights regardless of Iran’s demand to include Lebanon.
1. Jus in bello. Iran cannot be treated as a strict Wentker co-party to Hezbollah, it is a co-party analogue and state component of the Hezbollah-Israel front in an extended state–non-state actor context.
2. Attribution. For attribution of Hezbollah’s own conduct to Iran as a matter of state responsibility, ARSIWA Art. 8 (conduct on the instructions, direction, or control of the state) or Art. 11 (conduct acknowledged and adopted by the state “as its own”) must be argued.
3. Targetability. But for the targetability of Iranian organs participating in the Hezbollah front, no such upward attribution is needed. The test is structural party status, and Art. 4 already makes both IRGC Aerospace Force and Quds Force conduct Iran’s own.
4. Operational Contribution. Since Wentker’s operative test applied to Iran’s contribution is knowing, operational, coordinated with Hezbollah, and directly connected to harm against Israel, on that, Iran plainly qualifies on status.
5. Persistent Status. Once Iran crosses the party status threshold, that status persists with stability and permanence until its criteria cease. Israel is not confined to a per-attack attribution inquiry before treating Iranian military organs integrated into the Hezbollah front as part of its defensive target bank.
In sum, Israel may no longer treat the Hezbollah front as hermetically separable from Iran where Iran itself has integrated, sustained, and defended that front through state force. Hezbollah attacks from Lebanon will be treated as attacks within an integrated Iran–Hezbollah armed campaign when they are directed, enabled, sustained, shielded, or enforced by Iranian state organs or by Iran’s substantial operational involvement.
As such, Israel may reserve the right to respond against Hezbollah assets in Lebanon and against Iranian military organs and assets, including on Iranian territory, that form part of the campaign. The target set is bounded by campaign nexus, the necessity and proportionality of the defensive response, and IHL targeting rules.
Merits Outline.
Hezbollah on Lebanese soil presents a forward-deployed, high freedom of action externalized formation of the Iranian armed forces whose operational latitude no more severs command relationships than a special operations force element’s tactical discretion severs its parent service.
It is comprised of tens of thousands of “borderless fighters” armed by Iran with an arsenal of tens of thousands of rockets, drones and missiles, integrating IRGC Quds personnel inside Hezbollah’s planning, targeting, and command structures, and executing Iranian strategy on another state’s territory.
The weapons, the supply chain, the financing, the four-decade training pipeline, the strategic direction, and the secure communications are Iranian. The two coordinate through standing diplomatic and security channels under unified strategic command and pledge fealty to Iran’s Supreme Leader under the Shi’i revolutionary religio-juristic doctrine of Vilayat-e Faqih.
Critically, the apparatus that builds, arms, finances, and directs the Lebanese front does not sit in Lebanon. It sits in Iran. The Quds Force Lebanon Corps operates from Iranian soil -- its engineering branch head Mehdi Vafaei was struck in Mahallat, central Iran, while running Hezbollah’s subterranean weapons-storage and tunnel infrastructure in Lebanon and Syria -- and its officials have been struck by Israel in both Beirut and Tehran.
The rearmament pipeline, the precision-conversion program, the financing channels, and supply nodes such as Tofigh Daru originate on Iranian territory. The Lebanese front cannot be operationally degraded from Lebanese airspace alone; its command-and-sustainment layer is Iranian, located in Iran, and reachable only there.
Arguments.
1. Attribution. The restrictive attribution standard rests on a sound protective premise that a state should not be held responsible for the conduct of actors it does not control. A state should not be dragged into war for arming, funding or sympathizing with a belligerent. Subjecting the floor of wrongful attribution to cracks is a dangerous business, but without a clearly defined ceiling on its exploitability, states may use it to engineer plausible deniability for actions that undermine peace and security and effectively deprive states of their Charter rights.
First, the law must not require the impossible of states. A rule that conditions a state’s right of self-defense on a showing no state can be reasonably expected to make is unmeetable -- lex non cogit ad impossibilia. Where a foreign state has fused itself into a VNSA’s command, targeting, planning, and rearmament across an active front, the defending state cannot, before lawfully responding, intercept every communication, identify every belligerent, and adjudicate in real time which operative on that front acts under foreign direction and which under the VNSA -- especially when the foreign state adopts a decentralized “mosaic defense” doctrine and autonomous cells act with high freedom of action on standing engagement triggers and objectives. A standard that cannot be meaningfully defined and met cannot guide conduct, and law that purports to bind or hold persuasive weight must be able to tell states what is reasonably expected of them -- lex certa and nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.
Second, the contrary licenses an abus de droit. Attribution theory strives for a threshold to prevent a state from being blamed for what it does not command, not to permit a state to command armed forces and conduct attacks under deniability. A state that stands up an army behind the non-state actor screen, directs that army against another state, and then invokes the screen to escape response is not exercising the protection the rule confers. It is abusing it.
As Schmitt argues in the Ukraine context, even substantial aid (arms, training, intelligence) to an independent belligerent does not confer party status. That is the floor, and the line the international community rightly polices to keep states from being dragged into war by mere support. (Schmitt, 2022)
Article 3(g) of the Definition of Aggression supplies the ceiling when “sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands… or its substantial involvement therein” reaches the armed-attack threshold -- a formulation the ICJ in Nicaragua received into customary law. (UNGA Res. 3314, 1974; ICJ, 1986)
Nicaragua remains the opposing citation but does not defeat this interpretation. The Court excluded mere weapons and logistical support from “armed attack” while recognizing that sending armed bands, or substantial involvement of sufficient scale and effects, qualifies. Iran’s relationship to Hezbollah is not arms supply to an independent force. It is command-integration of a force Iran built, sustains, and directs -- the far side of the line Schmitt draws and squarely within 3(g)’s “substantial involvement.” The bright line urged here is therefore not invented but is already latent in 3(g), and has simply never been applied to the integration case.
2. Reciprocity. A state should not be able to claim the proxy’s autonomy when autonomy buys immunity and claim the proxy’s cause as its own when ownership buys a pretext for aggression against another state.
Iran will likely argue the mirror: if Israel argues Hezbollah is part of Iran front, then an Israeli strike on Hezbollah licenses an Iranian strike on Israel and Israel has no basis for complaint -- it is acceding to the linkage. Three points complicate this symmetry.
First, Hezbollah is not a state. Collective self-defense of the Hezbollah front is the right Iran would need to invoke but is available only to a state victim, and under Nicaragua requires that the victim state declare itself the object of an armed attack and request assistance. Hezbollah can make no such request and confers no such right. Iran cannot ground a collective self-defense claim on a non-state actor.
Second, there is no right of self-defense against lawful self-defense. If Israel’s force against Hezbollah and against the integrated Iranian apparatus is itself a lawful exercise of self-defense, Iran acquires no Article 51 right to resist it -- becoming a party to a conflict does not authorize force against a state acting within its own defensive rights.
Third, abuse of rights bars Iran from having the screen both ways. Iran cannot claim the proxy’s autonomy when autonomy buys immunity from response, and claim the proxy’s cause as its own when ownership buys a pretext for force against Israel. Iran’s integration makes the front its own and strips the deniability on which any mirror claim should he able to cogently rest.
Closing.
Legally, Hezbollah’s armed campaign no longer has a meaningful place to sit outside Iranian command and enforcement without prejudicing Israel’s rights within the meaning of Art. 51, lex non cogit ad impossibilia, enabling Iranian abus de droit and undermining the principle of lex certa.
Strategically, this creates optionality for Israel’s posture, which may opt to strike both Iran and Hezbollah concurrently to repel attacks emanating from Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Currently, Israel has chosen to suspend hostilities with Iran, but the Prime Minister in an address to the nation reaffirmed that Israel will continue to operate against Hezbollah and it continues to do so per its defensive rights.
Going forward, however, Israel’s security interests may no longer be reducible to separating Iran and Hezbollah as cleanly in the post-True Promise reality.
Acquiescence to a sequencing that is dictated by Iran, where it makes the ultimate decision as to when separation is convenient and when not, is no longer the same thing as Israel maintaining separation. It is outsourcing that decision making space to Tehran and its IRGC.
Israel is unlikely to concede to that arrangement.
Israeli planners may reasonably conclude that preserving escalation dominance and restoring deterrence requires imposing direct costs on Tehran to compel abeyance on its Lebanese front.
Crucially, as part of the MoU, the United States should not accept Iran’s attempt to fuse US regional presence with Israeli self-defense. Washington may support Israel’s Article 51 rights while remaining outside Israeli operations unless Iran attacks or imminently threatens US forces. Any such attack will trigger US self-defense.
Here, I fixed it for you, you crook.