While India Focused on Elections, a Nuclear Milestone Moved Its Thorium Dream Closer to Reality
India reached a key milestone when its commercial-scale fast-breeder nuclear reactor became operational. Yet the achievement received little attention, partly because the country at the time was fixated on impending state elections.
Russia is the only other country operating commercial-scale fast-breeder reactors. In fact, it has two: the BN-600 and BN-800 reactors at Beloyarsk.
France (Superphénix), the U.S., and Japan (Monju) previously built commercial-scale breeders but eventually decommissioned them because of recurrent technical problems and soaring costs. China is currently constructing its own, the CFR-600.
But India’s 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam represents a major leap toward commercial viability. By “breeding” more fissile material than it consumes, the PFBR serves as a bridge to eventually tapping India’s massive thorium reserves — the world’s third largest.
India appears to have learned from the failures of the French Superphénix and Japanese Monju breeders, whose problems centered on the liquid-sodium coolant system.
Although India’s PFBR also uses liquid sodium coolant, it employs a “pool-type” design, generally considered safer and more stable than the “loop-type” designs used in the earlier failed reactors. In a pool-type reactor, the entire primary cooling system — including the pumps, heat exchangers and core — is submerged in a single large tank of sodium, reducing the risk of external leaks.