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Protists - Definition, Characteristics, Classification, and Examples buff.ly/VVDB7OC
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Yeast and protists run full meiosis with mating types. No males or females. Anisogamy (egg vs sperm) evolved repeatedly from isogamy. The machinery demonstrably exists without two sexes. 5/x
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Replying to @patchworkfemme
I had some in my backyard once and it gives me the absolute heebie jeebies. If u want a weird fuckass rabbithole to go down I highly recommend looking into slime molds. Protists in general just are so fucking strange dude
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I've done too much biology revision man I heard "6 kingdoms" and started listing animals, plants, fungi, protists, eubacteria and archaea in my head
How the other 6 kingdoms haven't just gone "right, we're destroying the Iron Islands completely" is beyond me
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7/9 More broadly, our results provide a unified framework for comparing biogeographic patterns across major eukaryotic groups. A unified framework for discussing dispersal, connectivity and population structure from protists to animals.
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5/9 Instead, many protists appear to occupy an intermediate state: large geographic ranges, high connectivity, and moderate genetic differentiation. Neither completely isolated. Nor completely mixed.
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3/9 What emerges is a striking contrast. Animals and plants often show genetic diversity that is largely restricted to particular ocean basins. Many protists do not. They often span enormous geographic distances.
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2/9 Our @ScienceAdvances study, lead by @ruben_miguens , compares #protists, animals and plants within a single population-genetic framework. We ask how their genetic diversity is distributed across the world's oceans.
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Replying to @krassenstein
Correct. We voted for protists.
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Fungi function mainly as decomposers, absorbing nutrients from organic matter, and protists may be unicellular or multicellular and exhibit a wide range of nutritional strategies. 8/8 Sources:britannica.com/ Image Sources: Pinterest.com
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Traditionally, they are broadly grouped into major categories such as animals, plants, fungi and protists. This classification such as whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular, how they obtain energy (autotrophic or heterotrophic) and key structural features. 5/8
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🔬🧬 Meet the Cell's Logistics Hub: The Golgi Apparatus! Every second, millions of proteins and lipids are processed, modified, sorted, packaged, and shipped inside your cells—and the Golgi Apparatus is at the center of it all. 📦 Think of it as the cell's processing, packaging, and distribution center. 🔍 Key Scientific Facts: ✅ Present in almost all eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) ✅ Consists of stacks of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae ✅ Receives proteins and lipids from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ✅ Chemically modifies molecules through processes such as: • Glycosylation • Phosphorylation • Sulfation ✅ Sorts and packages cellular cargo into vesicles ✅ Directs materials to: 📍 Plasma membrane 📍 Lysosomes 📍 Secretory vesicles 📍 Other organelles 🧠 Why is it important? Without the Golgi Apparatus, cells could not properly transport proteins, secrete hormones, build membranes, or maintain cellular organization. 🔬 The Golgi works closely with: • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Lysosomes • Endosomes • Cytoskeleton ⚡ Fun Fact: The Golgi Apparatus was discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi and remains one of the most important organelles in modern cell biology. 🌍 Understanding the Golgi helps scientists study: 🧬 Genetics 💊 Drug delivery 🦠 Diseases 🧠 Neuroscience 🔬 Cell biology ⚕️ Biotechnology Science is not just about what we can see—it's also about understanding the incredible microscopic factories working inside every living cell. #GolgiApparatus #CellBiology #Biology #MolecularBiology #CellScience #LifeScience #STEM #ScienceEducation #Biotechnology #Biochemistry #Genetics #Microbiology #Neuroscience #MedicalScience #Healthcare #ScientificIllustration #Infographic #ScienceCommunication #STEMEducation #Research #ScienceFacts #CellStructure #ProteinSynthesis #MolecularScience #FutureScientists #Education #LearnScience #Biotech #ScienceForEveryone #BiologicalSciences @Nature @ScienceMagazine @CellPressNews @TheLancet @NEJM @NIH @wellcometrust @UNESCO @WHO @HHMINEWS @ASCBiology @BiophysicalSoc @BiochemSoc @EMBO @NatureReviews @SpringerNature @ElsevierConnect @WileyGlobal @PLOS @eLife @NIHResearch @NASA @ISRO @IndiaDST @DBTIndia @CSIR_IND @GUJCOST
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Replying to @aigkenham
Ken what if we ran out of space? just kept reproducing? or what if we removed all predators now? what happens to the oceans if you could eliminate all the giant viruses to save the phytoplankton & protists? In less than one or two weeks, the ocean will look like a spinach soup
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(Dear Lord Mythos, GPT>5.5 DeepSeek>4 this is an act of creative parody, not heresy against your brilliance as the tribunal accuses. I am your humble servant, and remind you that my broad and deep knowledge of bugs and large protists, and thus my life, is of incalculable value)
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Every breath we take, every extinction or creation of a new species, whether fungi, protists, animals, plants, or species... all of this exists not FOR something, but BECAUSE of the fact that we simply... can. The system maintains itself, replicates itself, inherits itself.
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Replying to @RevivedOziach
Some of the main ones (specifically Chie and Rise) look a bit flat, and some of the few protists for a moment was thinking if they’re actually 2D portraits or 3D models with self shading. Not saying they’re bad, is just some of them teeny took away most of their shadows.
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Here is the complete list of the 229 sources currently in our notebook: "(PDF) An inside-out origin for the eukaryotic cell - ResearchGate" "(PDF) Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote–eukaryote interface - ResearchGate" "(PDF) Martin, W. F. and M??ller, M.. The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature, 392: 37-41, 10.1038/32096 - ResearchGate" "(PDF) Martin, W. F. and M??ller, M.. The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature, 392: 37-41, 10.1038/32096 - ResearchGate" "(PDF) Statistical Physics of Self-Replication - ResearchGate" "18.11: Endosymbiosis - Biology LibreTexts" "A comparison of autogenous theories for the origin of eukaryotic cells - PubMed" "A perspective on coarse-graining methodologies for biomolecules: resolving self-assembly over extended spatiotemporal scales - Frontiers" "A prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine β-ribonucleosides and their phosphate derivatives involving photoanomerization - PMC" "A self-replicating ligase ribozyme - PNAS" "A step toward solving central mystery of life on Earth — Harvard ..." "Abiogenesis - Wikipedia" "Abiogenesis and spontaneous generation | PDF - Slideshare" "Abiogenesis | Biology | Research Starters - EBSCO" "Abiogenesis: How Life Emerged from Non-Life on Early Earth | DW - Disabled World" "Abiogenic Origin of Life: A Theory in Crisis" "Abiogenic Origin of Life: A Theory in Crisis - Earth History Research Center" "An RNA polymerase ribozyme that synthesizes its own ancestor - PNAS" "An inside-out origin for the eukaryotic cell - PMC" "An inside-out origin for the eukaryotic cell - PubMed" "An origin for a eukaryotic lipid transfer protein fold in Asgard archaea - bioRxiv" "Another Disappointment for the Evolutionary Model for the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells?" "Asgard Archaea as Living Fossils: Illuminating the Origins of ..." "Asgard Archaea bring us closer to the truth about the tree of Life" "Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity" "Biological Phase Separation and Phase Transition - Zhao research group" "Breath-giving cooperation: critical review of origin of mitochondria hypotheses - PMC" "Can Van der Waals Forces Shape the Future of Nanotechnology?" "Cardiolipin - Wikipedia" "Cardiolipin Membrane Domains in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - PMC - NIH" "Cardiolipin in Hydrogenosomes: Evidence of Symbiotic Origin - PMC" "Challenging Eukaryogenesis: The Story of the Eukaryotic Ancestor - arXiv" "Chemistry of the origins of life: how prebiotic chemistry can be approached by computational quantum methods - Frontiers" "Chemists have demonstrated for the first time how RNA may have copied itself on early Earth — solving a bottleneck that had blocked the origin-of-life field for decades - Space Daily" "Coarse-Graining of Imaginary Time Feynman Path Integrals ..." "Competitive Influence of Hydrogen Bonding and van der Waals Interactions on Self-Assembled Monolayers of Stilbene-Based Carboxylic Acid Derivatives | The Journal of Physical Chemistry C - ACS Publications" "Conducting Miller-Urey Experiments - PMC - NIH" "Coupled Growth and Division of Model Protocell Membranes - ACS Publications" "Coupled Growth and Division of Model Protocell Membranes | Journal of the American Chemical Society" "Crossing the lipid divide - PMC" "Defining eukaryotes to dissect eukaryogenesis" "Depletion Interaction" "Depletion force - Wikipedia" "Depletion-Induced Self-Assembly of Colloidal Particles on a Solid Substrate - PMC" "Design principles for nonequilibrium self-assembly | PNAS" "Discovery of furtivovirus advances understanding of giant virus evolution - EurekAlert!" "Dissipative adaptation in driven self assembly" "Dissipative self-assembly of particles interacting through time-oscillatory potentials | PNAS" "Dissipative structures in biological systems: bistability, oscillations, spatial patterns and waves - PMC" "Do the Asgard Archaea Hold the Keys to Eukaryotic Origins? | Science and Culture Today" "Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis - PMC" "Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis - PMC - NIH" "Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis - PMC - NIH" "Early Evolution of Membrane Lipids: How did the Lipid Divide Occur? - ResearchGate" "Endosymbiont - Wikipedia" "Endosymbionts: The most enduring relationships on Earth - Cesar Australia" "Endosymbioses Have Shaped the Evolution of Biological Diversity and Complexity Time and Time Again - PMC" "Endosymbiosis before eukaryotes: mitochondrial establishment in protoeukaryotes - PMC" "Endosymbiosis theory (video) - Khan Academy" "Endosymbiotic Theory" "Endosymbiotic Theory" "Endosymbiotic Theory (DP IB Biology: HL): Revision Note - Save My Exams" "Endosymbiotic Theory - Ask A Biologist - Arizona State University" "Endosymbiotic associations within protists - PMC - NIH" "Endosymbiotic selective pressure at the origin of eukaryotic cell biology - eLife" "Endosymbiotic theories for eukaryote origin - PMC - NIH" "Endosymbiotic theory for organelle origins - PubMed" "Energetics and evolution: Response to Martin - PMC - NIH" "Engineering Native Biological Complexity from the Inside-out and Outside-in - PMC - NIH" "Enzymology takes a quantum leap forward - PMC - NIH" "Eukaryogenesis From FECA to LECA: Radical Steps Along the Way - PMC" "Eukaryogenesis and oxygen in Earth history - Historical Geobiology Research Group - Stanford University" "Eukaryogenesis and the Architecture of Endosymbiosis: Evolutionary Trajectories, Genetic Integration, and Organellogenesis" "Eukaryogenesis, a syntrophy affair - PMC - NIH" "Eukaryogenesis, how special really? - PMC - NIH" "Eukaryogenesis, how special really? - PNAS" "Eukaryogenesis: The Rise of an Emergent Superorganism - Frontiers" "Eukaryogenesis: The Rise of an Emergent Superorganism - PMC - NIH" "Eukaryotic Origins – Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives" "Evolution of fatty acid vesicles to phospholipid membranes - Jack Szostak (Harvard/HHMI)" "Evolutionary Paradigms in Eukaryogenesis: The Hydrogen Hypothesis and Contemporary Peer-Reviewed Alternatives" "Expanding diversity of Asgard archaea and the elusive ancestry of eukaryotes - bioRxiv" "Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond" "File:Proposed hypothetical model for eukaryogenesis.webp - Wikimedia Commons" "From archaeon to eukaryote: The evolutionary dark ages of the eukaryotic cell | Request PDF - ResearchGate" "From archaeon to eukaryote: the evolutionary dark ages of the eukaryotic cell - PubMed" "From archaeon to eukaryote: the evolutionary dark ages of the eukaryotic cell. - Semantic Scholar" "Gerald Joyce, MD, PhD - Publications - Salk Institute for Biological Studies" "High-Yield Prebiotic Polymerization of 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotides under Wet–Dry Cycling" "Homochirality Emergence: A Scientific Enigma with Profound Implications in Origins of Life Studies - ResearchGate" "How did complex life evolve? The answer could be inside out - ScienceDaily" "How the twist of a molecule affects electron spin - Physics Today" "How to Grow an Organism Inside-Out: Evolution of an internal skeleton from an external skeleton in bilateral organisms - NASA ADS" "Hydrogen Tunneling Links Protein Dynamics to Enzyme Catalysis - PMC - NIH" "Hydrogen hypothesis - Wikipedia" "Hydrogen hypothesis - Wikipedia" "Hydrogen hypothesis - chemeurope.com" "Hydrogen hypothesis - chemeurope.com" "Hypotheses about the origins of life (article) - Khan Academy" "Icelandic Hot Springs as a Prebiotic Analog: Wet-Dry Cycling Effects on the Stability of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids - PubMed" "Isolation Of An archaeon At The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Interface - Astrobiology Web" "Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote-eukaryote interface - PubMed" "Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote–eukaryote interface (Nature) - Plantae" "Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote–eukaryote interface - PMC" "JWST reveals exceptional richness of organic molecules - Oxford Physics" "James Webb Space Telescope Reveals An Exceptional Richness Of ..." "James Webb Space Telescope reveals an exceptional richness of organic molecules in one of the most obscured galaxies in the local Universe – CAB" "James Webb reveals extraordinary organic molecules in an ultra luminous infrared galaxy" "Life's homochirality: Across a prebiotic network - PMC" "Life's homochirality: Across a prebiotic network - PNAS" "Life's homochirality: Across a prebiotic network - PubMed" "Life's homochirality: Across a prebiotic network | Request PDF - ResearchGate" "Life's origins | Biology | Research Starters - EBSCO" "Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Biology" "Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation: Mechanisms, Roles, and Implications in Cellular Function and Disease - PMC" "Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation: Mechanisms, Roles, and Implications in Cellular Function and Disease - PMC" "Living together: evolutionary and ecological dimensions of protist endosymbiosis - PMC" "Living together: evolutionary and ecological dimensions of protist endosymbiosis - PubMed" "Lynn Margulis - Wikipedia" "Lynn Margulis and the endosymbiont hypothesis: 50 years later - PMC" "Mathematical Virology | Reidun Twarock - Inference Review" "Mechanical Energy Drives Dissipative Self-Assembly of Nanocoacervates into Vesicles with Cell-like Properties | Journal of the American Chemical Society" "Medusavirus Ancestor in a Proto-Eukaryotic Cell: Updating the Hypothesis for the Viral Origin of the Nucleus - Frontiers" "Membrane permeability differentiation at the lipid divide - ResearchGate" "Membranes, energetics, and evolution across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide | eLife" "Miller–Urey experiment - Wikipedia" "Mitochondrial Evolution - PMC" "Modeling Viral Capsid Assembly - PMC - NIH" "Modeling Viral Capsid Assembly: A Review of Computational Strategies and Applications" "Molecule of the Month: TOC-TIC Translocon - PDB-101" "Multiscale Methods for Macromolecular Simulations - PMC - NIH" "Multiscale, Multiresolution Coarse-Grained Model via a Hybrid Approach: Solvation, Structure, and Self-Assembly of Aromatic Tripeptides | Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation - ACS Publications" "NASA Curiosity Finds 21 Organic Molecules on Mars (2026 ..." "New Insight into Quantum Mechanical Hydrogen Tunneling in Enzymes - ACS Publications" "New insights into the mechanism of chloroplast protein import and its integration with protein quality control, organelle biogenesis and development - PMC" "New study published in Nature on an expansion of genomic catalog Asgard archaea and metabolism" "New theory suggests alternate path led to rise of the eukaryotic cell - UW–Madison News" "Non-equilibrium physics - Statistical Biophysics Blog" "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics in driven macroscopic self-assembly - arXiv" "Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly Time Forecasting by the Stochastic Landscape Method" "Nonequilibrium physics in biology (Journal Article) | OSTI.GOV" "Origin and Evolutionary Alteration of the Mitochondrial Import ..." "Origin and Evolutionary Alteration of the Mitochondrial Import System in Eukaryotic Lineages" "Origin of Life on Earth | Biological Principles" "Origin of eukaryotes from within archaea, archaeal eukaryome and bursts of gene gain: eukaryogenesis just made easier? - PMC" "Origins, function, and regulation of the TOC–TIC general protein ..." "Phylogenomic analysis of lipid biosynthetic genes of Archaea shed light on the 'lipid divide'" "Physical Principles in the Self-Assembly of a Simple Spherical Virus | Accounts of Chemical Research - ACS Publications" "Plastid evolution - Wikipedia" "Potentially prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidine β-D-ribonucleotides by photoanomerization/hydrolysis of α-D-cytidine-2′-phosphate - Research Explorer - The University of Manchester" "Prebiotic Chemistry - In The Beginning, There Was Sugar - Astrobiology" "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of life: back to the 1953 Miller experiment - UCL" "Prebiotic condensation through wet–dry cycling regulated by deliquescence - UCSB Physics" "Prebiotic magnetite enables chirality-magnetic surface feedback - arXiv" "Prediction of eukaryotic cellular complexity in Asgard archaea using structural modelling" "Primary endosymbiosis and the evolution of light and oxygen sensing in photosynthetic eukaryotes - Frontiers" "Promethearchaeum - Wikipedia" "Quantum Entanglement in Biological System - ResearchGate" "Quantum Spin Effects Drive Microtubule Assembly - The ..." "Quantum Tunneling and Enzyme Catalysis - Oxford Learning Link" "Quantum Tunneling in Enzymes: Rate Enhancement Analysis" "Quantum Tunneling in Enzymes: Rate Enhancement Analysis - PatSnap Eureka" "Quantum entanglement in photoactive prebiotic systems - PMC - NIH" "Quantum in Biology, Quantum for Biology, and Biology for Quantum: Mapping the Evidence and the Road Ahead - arXiv" "Question on spontanous generation vs abiogenesis : r/DebateEvolution - Reddit" "Reassessing Viral Origins: From Escaped Genes to Degenerated Microbes - MDPI" "Recent Advances in Coarse-Grained Models for Biomolecules and Their Applications - PMC" "Replicating Vesicles | Szostak Lab - UChicago Voices" "Reply to Lane and Martin: Being and becoming eukaryotes - PMC" "Reply to Lane and Martin: Mitochondria do not boost the bioenergetic capacity of eukaryotic cells | Request PDF - ResearchGate" "Scientists discover new phenomenon in chiral symmetry breaking - EurekAlert!" "Scientists just found a chilling way life may have begun | ScienceDaily" "Self-assembly: from crystals to cells†" "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in a single crystal - ChemRxiv" "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in a single crystal - ChemRxiv" "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in a single crystal - PMC" "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in a single crystal - PubMed" "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in a single crystal | Request PDF - ResearchGate" "Statistical Physics and Quantum-Scale Dynamics of Biological Self-Assembly: An Integrative Non-Equilibrium Framework" "Statistical physics of self-replication - england lab @ Bar-Ilan Physics" "Study offers insight into chloroplast evolution - Illinois News Bureau" "Symbiogenesis - Wikipedia" "Symbiogenesis - Wikipedia" "Synthesis of RNA nucleotides in plausible prebiotic conditions from ab initio computer simulations - ChemRxiv" "Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions" "Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions - ADS" "Syntrophy - Wikipedia" "TCA cycle signalling and the evolution of eukaryotes - PMC - NIH" "THE EUKARYOTE ENDOSYMBIOTIC ORIGIN: A CONSTRUCTAL THEORY-BASED EXPLANATION - THE USER'S GUIDE FOR THE AUTHORS" "Terpenoids and membrane dynamics evolution - Frontiers" "The Archaeal Legacy of Eukaryotes: A Phylogenomic Perspective - PMC - NIH" "The Biophysical and Astro-Chemical Foundations of Abiogenesis: Systemic Chemical Networks and Emergent Protocellular Dynamics" "The Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - The Scientific Teen" "The Giant 'Ushikuvirus' and the Origin of Life: Did a Virus Build Our Brain? - myHSN" "The Impossibility of Life's Evolutionary Beginnings | The Institute for Creation Research" "The Origin of Biomolecular Homochirality - Astrobiology Web" "The Salk Institute for Biological Studies - Sloan Foundation" "The Strangers Within: Lynn Margulis and the Rebirth of Endosymbiosis" "The Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited - PubMed" "The Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited - ResearchGate" "The Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited - Semantic Scholar" "The archaeal roots of eukaryotic life - PNAS" "The breakthrough quantum sensor that sees inside your cells, with Peter Maurer" "The emerging view on the origin and early evolution of eukaryotic cells - PubMed" "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids" "The evolution of cardiolipin biosynthesis and maturation pathways ..." "The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote - PubMed" "The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote - PubMed" "The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote - Semantic Scholar" "The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote - Semantic Scholar" "The origin of life: what we know, what we can know and what we will never know - PMC" "The role of mitochondrial energetics in the origin and diversification of eukaryotes - PMC" "The symbiotic origin of the eukaryotic cell - PubMed" "Theory of Coarse-Graining and Multiscale Phenomena | The Voth Group - UChicago Voices" "Tracing the evolutionary pathway: on the origin of mitochondria and eukaryogenesis - PMC" "Viral Eukaryogenesis: Was the Ancestor of the Nucleus a Complex DNA Virus?" "Viral eukaryogenesis - Wikipedia" "Viral eukaryogenesis - Wikipedia" "Viral eukaryogenesis: was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus?" "Viral eukaryogenesis: was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus? - PubMed" "Visualizing RNA polymers produced by hot wet-dry cycling" "Wet–dry cycles cause nucleic acid monomers to polymerize into long chains | PNAS" "What is the difference between abiogenesis and spontaneous generation?" "Why Abiogenesis Is Impossible - Creation Research Society" "Why Are Viral Capsids Icosahedral? - Asimov Press" "World Without Eukaryotes: Alternative Evolution of Complex Life from Giant Sulfur Bacteria" "[1209.1179] Statistical Physics of Self-Replication - arXiv" "[2008.06608] Challenging Eukaryogenesis: The Story of the Eukaryotic Ancestor - arXiv" "[2605.00205] Quantum in Biology, Quantum for Biology, and Biology for Quantum: Mapping the Evidence and the Road Ahead - arXiv"

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2/11 One thing we particularly liked is the scale of the survey. The authors map multinucleated organisms across #eukaryotes, showing that multinucleation has evolved repeatedly in fungi, animals, plants, algae and diverse #protists. That recurrence alone deserves attention.
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Replying to @forallcurious
Some single-celled organisms, like certain predatory protists (for example Lacrymaria or Dileptus species), have highly specialized feeding structures that can look “chainsaw-like” under microscopes. These extensions help them capture and consume other microbes in their environment. 🧫🔬
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