How
#evolution alters an ancestral
#bodydivision beyond recognition.
#Mites of the
#Histiostomatidae (
#Astigmata,
#Acariformes), like all mites, belong to the higher-level taxon
#Arachnida, which also includes true spiders (Araneae) and scorpions, for example. However, the original
#bodycomposition of a spider or scorpion is no longer immediately recognizable in mites.
New so-called
#tagmata (body parts) have developed secondarily, while the original division in
#prosoma and
#opisthosoma, have fused together. This is certainly an
#evolutionary #adaptation to an important characteristic found in mites in general and in Acariformes in particular, namely their tendency toward
#small #bodysize, which allows the mites to form
#niches in
#microhabitats that larger members of the Arachnida could not. An innovative "invention" of evolution that made a very significant
#radiation of mites (the development of high
#biodiversity) possible in the first place. During the early evolution of Acariformes, the body division consisting of the
#gnathosoma (mouthparts) and the
#idiostoma (remaining body) was further reorganized, so that the originally presumably single-bodied idiostoma is now divided into two parts, namely a
#proterosoma and a
#hysterosoma. This may have static reasons, so that there were no longer any lower limits to minimally possible sizes of the mites. Histiostomatidae mites are extremely small. Adults are often not much larger than 400 micrometers.
When a key trait enables the colonization of fully new
#habitattypes, in this case microscopic environments, this not only results in a considerable amount of radiation, but also in a
#diversity that is highly pronounced in Acariformes mites. This diversity arises because adaptation to specific habitats also leads to the evolution of specific
#lifestrategies, which often require new
#morphologicaladaptations.
For example, if we take a closer look at a piece of dead wood under a stereomicroscope, we see that different mite species of different taxa can occur sympatrically, meaning they can coexist more or less side by side in the same micro-habitat. This is only possible because
#interspecific #competition (between different species and taxa) is prevented by very specific adaptations (
#nicheformation). An important
#selectionfactor that favors evolutionary character modifications is
#foodacquisition. In the
#stemspecies of Histiostomatidae, the mouthparts have therefore been so significantly modified from the original construction plan of arachnid mouthparts that the basic division, consisting of
#chelicerae and
#pedipalps, is only barely recognizable at first glance. A complex
#filterorgan has evolved, specialized for efficiently absorbing
#fungal components and
#bacteria. My photo shows a female of the mite Histiostoma sp. (Histiostoma feroniarum-complex) from rotting
#lemonfruits in Italy. The scanning electron microscopic photo (
#SEM) shows the highly modified mouthparts in a view from a lower frontal perspective. In S. F. Wirth (2023), I presented new results of my reconstruction regarding structure and
#function of the mouthparts in Histiostomatidae mites.
©
#StefanFWirth Berlin September 2025
Reference
Wirth, S. F. (2023): Phoretic mites as
#microclimateoriginators in special ephemeral
#soil habitats and as presumed co-creators of nutrient-rich soil areas using examples of Histiostomatidae (Acariformes, Astigmata), In: FAO. 2023. Soils, where food begins – Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Soils for Nutrition, 26–29 July 2022. Rome, pp 102-103.
doi.org/10.4060/CC6728EN Supplement poster:
fao.org/fileadmin/user_uploa…
Foto
Adult female of Histiostoma sp. (H. feroniarum-complex), 2006 ex culture from rotting lemon fruits, Sorrento/Italy, SEM, photo as new edit September 2025, © Stefan F. Wirth