From cellular processes in the human body, to emerging technologies like sensors and lab-on-a-chip devices, the movement of ions (charged particles like sodium and potassium) in water plays a critical role in their functioning. Scientists have long known that electric fields can be used to control ion flow, but only in low-salt conditions. In real-world systems like seawater, blood, or industrial wastewater, high salt concentrations usually cancel out electrical control, making precise regulation extremely difficult.
In this study, researchers have tried to investigate what happens when salty water is forced through channels so small, they are nearly the size of the ions themselves. At this extreme scale, ions have no room to ‘ignore’ their surroundings. The team was able to replicate the exact confinement they required through a naturally occurring clay mineral, called vermiculite. Microscopically, it looks like a stack of ultra-thin sheets, with gaps between them that can be controlled precisely, and negatively charged walls that strongly influence every particle that passes through. Using this approach, the team built a voltage-controlled nanofluidic device, similar to a transistor, but for ions instead of electrons. When tested with potassium ions, they achieved a record-breaking 14-fold change in conductivity under high-salt conditions.
Owing to its extensive use in agriculture and construction, vermiculite offers a compelling alternative to nanofabricated channels, combining natural abundance with structural stability, cost efficiency, and scalability. At the intersection of materials, physics, and biology, this research points toward a new generation of nanofluidic systems, inspired by how ions move in living cells.
The team includes Biswabhusan Dhal, Yechan Noh, Sanat Nalini Paltasingh, Naman Chandrakar, Siva Sankar Nemala, Aparna Rathi, Suvigya Kaushik, Prof Andrea Capasso, Prof Saroj Kumar Nayak, Prof Li-Hsien Yeh, and Prof Gopinadhan Kalon.
To read more :
nature.com/articles/s41467-0…
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