π SQL Cheat Sheet
π Fetching Data (SELECT)
SELECT * FROM table_name;
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
SELECT DISTINCT column FROM table_name;
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π― Filtering Data (WHERE)
SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 25;
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'delivered';
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π§© Multiple Conditions (AND, OR, NOT)
SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 25 AND city = 'Delhi';
SELECT * FROM products WHERE price < 500 OR stock > 50;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE NOT department = 'HR';
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π’ Sorting Results (ORDER BY)
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;
SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY price ASC, name DESC;
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π Limiting & Skipping (LIMIT, OFFSET)
SELECT * FROM products LIMIT 5;
SELECT * FROM orders LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5;
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π Grouping Data (GROUP BY, HAVING)
SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department;
SELECT category, AVG(price) FROM products GROUP BY category HAVING AVG(price) > 100;
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π Aggregations (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;
SELECT SUM(price) FROM orders;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MIN(age), MAX(age) FROM users;
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π Joining Tables (JOIN)
π« Inner Join
SELECT
users.name, orders.amount
FROM users
INNER JOIN orders ON
users.id = orders.user_id;
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π Left Join
SELECT
users.name, orders.amount
FROM users
LEFT JOIN orders ON
users.id = orders.user_id;
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π Right Join
SELECT
users.name, orders.amount
FROM users
RIGHT JOIN orders ON
users.id = orders.user_id;
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π Full Join
SELECT
users.name, orders.amount
FROM users
FULL JOIN orders ON
users.id = orders.user_id;
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π Creating & Modifying Tables
π Creating a Table
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100),
age INT,
city VARCHAR(50)
);
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π§ Altering a Table
ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(100);
ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN city;
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π Modifying Data
β Inserting Data
INSERT INTO users (id, name, age) VALUES (1, 'Amit', 30);
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π Updating Data
UPDATE users SET age = 31 WHERE id = 1;
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β Deleting Data
DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1;
DELETE FROM users; -- Delete all rows
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π Indexes & Keys
π Primary Key
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100)
);
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π Foreign Key
CREATE TABLE orders (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
user_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)
);
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π Creating Index
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON users(name);
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π Subqueries & Unions
π Subquery
SELECT name FROM users WHERE id IN (SELECT user_id FROM orders);
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π Union (Combine Results)
SELECT name FROM customers UNION SELECT name FROM suppliers;
SELECT name FROM customers UNION ALL SELECT name FROM suppliers; -- Includes duplicates
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π₯ Transactions
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 500 WHERE id = 1;
UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance 500 WHERE id = 2;
COMMIT; -- Save changes
ROLLBACK; -- Undo changes
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