A Multi-Layered Framework for Modeling Human Biology: From Basic AI Agents to a Full-Body AI Agent
1. This study introduces the Full-Body AI-Agent framework, a multi-agent architecture designed to model human biology across molecular to whole-organism scales. Unlike traditional biomedical AI systems confined to discrete tasks or domains, this framework integrates seven biologically grounded agents under a central coordination layer, enabling iterative, bidirectional reasoning across scales.
2. The framework unifies multi-omics, imaging, physiological, and clinical data, constructing dynamic, system-wide mechanistic models that bridge molecular discovery with systemic simulation. It demonstrates applications in systemic disease modeling and drug development, offering a coherent computational paradigm to reduce translational gaps, enhance predictive accuracy, and accelerate the development of safe and effective therapies.
3. The study proposes two specialized implementations to showcase the utility of this framework: the metastasis AI Agent and the drug AI Agent. The metastasis AI Agent characterizes tumor progression across initiation, dissemination, and colonization phases by integrating molecular, cellular, and systemic signals. The drug AI Agent dynamically guides preclinical evaluations, including organoids and chip-based models, by providing full-body physiological constraints, enabling predictive modeling of long-term efficacy and toxicity.
4. The Full-Body AI-Agent framework emphasizes integration and coordination across biological levels, allowing for the analysis of how molecular changes influence cellular behaviors, tissue responses, organ function, and systemic outcomes. It leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to decompose high-level tasks into sub-goals, reason through problems step-by-step, and plan sequential actions to achieve defined objectives.
5. The framework includes a robust inter-level data ecosystem, with a Data Commons that serves as a shared repository for curating a diverse range of biomedical datasets. It adheres to Common Format standards, enabling seamless aggregation of data from various sources across different biological levels. This Data Commons provides critical infrastructure to bridge disparate biological data types across scales and enable holistic, multi-level modeling of human biology.
6. The reasoning mechanism of the Full-Body AI-Agent operates through a structured pipeline: raw multi-modal data is standardized for compatibility, complex biological questions and data are decomposed into hierarchical sub-tasks aligned with specific biological levels, these sub-tasks are assigned to corresponding specialized AI Agents, and results are integrated via iterative feedback loops, enabling bidirectional cross-scale information flow.
7. The study compares the Full-Body AI-Agent framework with other multi-agent systems in biomedical research, highlighting its unique ability to model causal propagation across biological levels. While other systems are generally optimized for specific stages of the scientific workflow or confined to particular biomedical subdomains, the Full-Body AI-Agent extends multi-agent biomedical reasoning from molecular mechanisms to whole-organism physiology.
8. The hierarchical design of collaborative basic AI Agents for the Full-Body AI-Agent includes specialized agents for molecular, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and body system levels. Each agent focuses on its specific biological level, utilizing the most appropriate data sources and computational techniques. By distributing tasks in this way, the framework ensures a comprehensive, multi-scale understanding of biological systems.
9. The study presents case studies on lung cancer metastasis and drug development, demonstrating the framework’s potential in both disease research and clinical translation. The metastasis AI Agent provides a three-phase metastasis scoring framework, while the drug AI-Agent offers a system-level drug development paradigm that integrates molecular insights with systemic physiological responses.
📜Paper:
arxiv.org/abs/2508.19800
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