The collusion of the U.S. intellectual establishment on the Palestine issue is hardly a new phenomenon, with roots stretching back decades.
This is a story I stumbled upon from 1984 and it had me shaking my head in disgust all through. It was a huge scandal in its time for a while, but I am pretty certain that the passage of time has dulled its edges and rendered it almost invisible. After doing my preliminary digging and going through whatever available sources I could find on the internet, I decided to write it up in my own words for the benefit of the present day audiences.
The only two people who come out shining from this grotesque episode are
@normfinkelstein and ๐๐จ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ก๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ค๐ฒ.
๐๐: After having written the piece, I sent it off to Professor Finkelstein to vet it, and correct errors if any. He wrote back amending the fourteenth paragraph giving out more details of what transpired. Read for yourself.
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๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐, ๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It was April 1, 1984. A fitting day for a rotten joke that was about to be unleashed upon the world.
On this day ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐ค released ๐ญ๐๐๐ ๐ป๐๐๐ ๐ฐ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐, a rather exciting, revelatory and โgroundbreakingโ book with a fortress of footnotes by Chicago-born American journalist ๐๐จ๐๐ง ๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ฌ which offered scholarly proof that present-day Palestinians were not indigenous to Palestine. The book was founded upon years of research by Ms. Peters who claimed to have trawled through heaps of papers in the Ottoman archives to arrive at that definitive conclusion. Her work asserted that Arab immigrants had steadily made it to Palestine through the late 1800s, lured by job prospects where Jewish settlers had begun to transform the landscape with their sense of enterprise already.
So the sentiment that Palestinians lived there โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐โ is a myth, she inferred. Having reached this cosy conclusion she implicitly made light of the idea of โNakbaโ, the strongest argument that Palestinians have possibly had of being made refugees on a land they knew as theirs through generations. Her โbenevolentโ solution was for world powers to prevail upon neighbouring Arab states to absorb Palestinian refugees, leaving the holy land for those who have always felt a Biblical pull towards it.
This narrative deftly tied in with the fanciful theory that early Zionist leaders had long propounded to escape their wafer-thin sense of guilt: ๐ด ๐๐๐๐ ๐ค๐๐กโ๐๐ข๐ก ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ค๐๐กโ๐๐ข๐ก ๐ ๐๐๐๐. Essentially, this meant that a canard that was long debunked by a slew of scholars and historians ranging from ๐๐จ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ก๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ค๐ฒ and ๐๐๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ก๐ฎ๐ ๐๐จ๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ก to ๐๐๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ข and ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐ฐ๐ข, rose phoenix-like, to demand the burden of proof from the Palestinians yet again.
๐๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐ซ, Israelโs fourth Prime Minister from 1969 to 1974 wanted the world to believe that there was โ๐๐ ๐ ๐ข๐โ ๐กโ๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐โ. As if on cue, a decade later, the ingenious Ms. Peters, neither a professional historian, nor a scholar, or even a proper academic decides to go all out and put her definitive stamp of โevidenceโ on a specious theory that has readymade takers throughout the American intellectual community.
By delegitimising the moral weight that the Nakba provoked, it turned the mass tragedy of Palestinian exodus on its head in one stroke, and in doing so, attempted to purge them of all compassion; the only privilege Palestinians thought they couldnโt be denied. The book became wildly popular days into its release, garnering rave commentary from every respectable publication including
@NYTimes and
@washingtonpost. A knockout triumph of sorts with every highbrow reviewer falling over each other to endorse its thesis. ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ ๐. ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ซ, a well-regarded Professor of Demography and Pioneer in Urban studies at the University of Chicago, recognised its undisputed merit. Amongst many other heavy hitters who spoke in favour of this classic, there was ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ who had enthusiastically blurbed the book cover, historian and author ๐๐๐ซ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ง who called the book โ๐ โ๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ก ๐๐ ๐๐ก๐ ๐๐๐โ, and historian ๐๐ก๐๐จ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ญ๐ who expounded that โ๐๐ก ๐โ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐๐ฆ๐กโ๐ ๐กโ๐๐ก โ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ โ๐๐๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ โ๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ธ๐๐ ๐กโ.
There was only one problem though. The book was the biggest hoax on either side of the Atlantic; a Zionist sleight of hand, eagerly embraced by those who wanted to be deceived. A lie that everyone badly wanted to believe. In the constant barrage of favourable endorsements, not one scholar of note deemed it a fit case for investigation.
No one, save a graduate student at Princeton, who hadnโt yet made a name for himself and would later be known for the meticulousness that was to become his steadfast signature in the years to come.
His name was ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ง ๐
๐ข๐ง๐ค๐๐ฅ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ข๐ง.
When Norman began reading the book, he quickly sensed that something was off. This made him go back and check out all the references and he realised that the data didnโt fit the conclusions. He wrote a brief paper based on his preliminary work, just 20 to 25 pages, to apprise people in the field of his conclusions. Of the 30 people he sent this initial paper to, only one responded.
The person who wrote back was ๐๐จ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ก๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ค๐ฒ.
The good professor thought it was worth pursuing and in the same breath warned Norman that they would come for him, all guns cocked and loaded. They could take away his opportunities, destroy his career, and put his life to ruin.
But Mr. Finkelstein (at this juncture, it just feels right to address this giant of a man with the respect he richly deserves) not only persevered, this work became the bedrock of his close friendship with Chomsky. An unflinching Finkelstein started submitting his article for publication to a whole lot of academic journals, but except for a nondescript leftwing journal that came out of Illinois, every other publication delighted in ignoring it summarily.
(๐ป๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐
๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ด๐. ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐)
But worse was to follow. Finkelsteinโs professors cold-shouldered him. ONE OF HIS THESIS ADVISORS GAVE HIM AN ULTIMATUM: TO CHOOSE BETWEEN BEING A "MUCKRAKER" VERSUS A "SCHOLAR" (PROFESSOR MANFRED HALPERN). WHEN FINKELSTEIN WOULDN'T BUDGE, HE DROPPED OFF FINKELSTEIN'S THESIS COMMITTEE. Brilliant as he was, HE WAS AWARDED a PhD anyway, but HE COULDN'T EXTRACT a single letter of recommendation FROM HIS THESIS ADVISORS OR FORMER PROFESSORS, which for a student of his calibre should have been customary. WITHOUT SUCH A LETTER, HIS ACADEMIC CAREER WAS STILLBORN.
But this is Finkelstein, and Finkelstein doesnโt yield to mortal pressures. No matter how terrible the hostility he must encounter.
The following summer the man found himself closeted in the New York Public Library scrupulously and patiently poring over every single reference the book cited and eventually came to the realisation that the book was, and there is no other way to put it, a colossal fraud upon its readers. A calculated deceit that should never have been allowed to exist.
Long story short, even after the dirty secret was blown to high heaven and everyone who was someone in New York found out about it, the Omertร still prevailed. The editors of major newspapers refused to publish his letters, even when other approving reviews of the book kept gushing in.
The cover was finally blown when Michael Joseph Ltd, a British publisher, decided to bring out the bookโs UK edition the following year. When Chomsky got wind of its impending publication, he promptly shared Finkelsteinโs exhaustive work with a bunch of prominent scholars and journalists overseas. The spirit of political inquiry was far from dead in the land of the Queen and every newspaper and magazine worth its fresh scandals and recycled outrage excoriated the book without exception. This included the ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก, ๐โ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ค ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐๐๐ , and ๐โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐. (
@TLS,
@LRB,
@ObserverUK)
The turnaround continued when reviews of the book appeared in Israel. Not only did they uniformly trash the book, they expressed concern on how it would reflect back on Israel if the book found a bigger audience. In the meantime out of sheer embarrassment, ๐โ๐ ๐๐๐ค ๐๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ค ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐๐๐ (
@nybooks) commissioned a piece by the renowned Israeli historian ๐๐๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ก๐ฎ๐ ๐๐จ๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ก. After Mr. Porath turned in his review they chickened out of publishing it for close to a year. The piece ultimately did come out and provoked some exchanges a few months down the line with a couple of historians who had praised the book earlier, and that was that.
๐๐จ ๐ฐ๐ก๐ฒ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐๐ฅ๐ค ๐๐๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ฐ?
The simple answer is I just came across this shocking story in a completely different context and was floored with the level of collusion thatโs been happening for decades in whatโs supposed to be a free and fair democracy; especially when it comes to Israel and Palestine.
๐ญ๐๐๐ ๐ป๐๐๐ ๐ฐ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ has been thoroughly discredited within the wider community of historians and scholars. But that does not make it any less dangerous. With every new generation, fewer people know their history. The percentage of people who stay acquainted with such monstrous frauds within the knowledgeable academic community too keeps dropping perceptibly. If we donโt remind ourselves of such intellectual outrages from time to time, we will have more ๐ฝ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ โ and ๐ด๐๐๐ ๐ท๐๐๐ โ๐๐ค๐๐ก๐ง๐๐ (
@AlanDersh) to contend withโspinning illusions, resorting to subterfuge, and creating false narratives under the guise of scholarship. Thus making a mockery of both history and our collective humanity.
๐๐๐๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐๐ฅ ๐๐จ๐ญ๐: This piece was sparked by my initial reading of Noam Chomskyโs account of this egregious episode, which I stumbled upon fortuitously on his blog. That discovery forced me down a deeper rabbit hole; through Wikipedia, The
@newrepublic, The
@NewYorker, and many other articles and personalities leaving me in no doubt about what actually happened.
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